ABIOTIC AND BOTIC FACTORS INFLUENCES ON ECOSYSTEM

ABIOTIC AND BOTIC FACTORS INFLUENCES ON ECOSYSTEM

Ecosystem consist of living and non living component. The living part of an ecosystem are called BIOTIC factors, and the non-living part called ABIOTIC factors. Biotic and abiotic interact to sustain the ecosystem. The word ‘environment’ refers specifically to the non-living part of the ecosystem.

A limiting factors are any factors that places an upper limit on the size of population. Limiting factors may be biotic such as availability of food, or abiotic such as access to water. Human influences often act as limiting factors. Limiting factors also defining with any factors who can restricts the size of a population.

INFLUENCE OF ABIOTIC FACTORS

            Abiotic factors such as temperature, light and soil can influence a spesies’s ability to survive. The range of each of factors make every species is able to survive called ‘ tolerance range’.

            Ecosystem can be broadly divided into three types. Each ecosystem has its own specific abiotic factors.

   1.      Marine

Marine Ecosystm

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-          The sea, estuaries, salt marshes, and mangrove are all characterized by the high salt content of th water.

-          Abiotic factors in the marine ecosystem.

a.       Salinity

b.      pH

c.       Temperature

d.      Dissolved oxygen

e.       Wave action

2.      Freshwater

Freshwater Ecosystem

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-          Example: lakes, rivers, and wetlands

-          Abiotic factors of a freshwater ecosystem.

a.       Turbidity

b.      Flow velocity

c.       pH

d.      Temperature

e.       Dissolved oxygen

3.      Terrestrial

Terrestrial Ecosystem

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-          Land-based

-          Abiotics factors of a terrestrial ecosystem.

a.       Temperature

b.      Light intensity

c.       Wind speed

d.      Particle sized

e.       Slope/aspect

f.       Soil moisture

g.      Drainage

h.      Mineral content

SOIL - EDAPHIC FACTORS

The edaphic factors are the abiotic factors with respect to soil. These factors include 

• Soil texture

The texture of the soil is variable from particles like clay to larger particles like sand. Sandy soils are suitable for growing plants, well aerated and easy to cultivate. Sandy soils cannot retain much water and contain few nutrients required for plant growth. 

• Soil air

Soil air is the spaces between the soil particles where it is not filled with soil water. The soil air determines the firmness of the soil. 

• Temperature of soil

Temperature of the soil is an important factor, temperature of soil below 30 cm is said to be constant but there are seasonal variations. The decaying caused by decay-causing microorganisms is low at lower temperature. 

• Soil water

Soil water is classified into three types-capillary water, hygroscopic water and gravitational water. 

• Soil pH

pH of the soil affects the biological activity in the soil and certain mineral availability. The pH influences the growth and development of plants.

• The organisms and the decaying matter in the soil is known as soil solution and it increases the fertility of the soil.

LIGHT

Light is the primary source of energy to almost all ecosystems. The light energy is used by the heterotrophs (plant, algae) to manufacture food by the process of photosynthesis by combining other inorganic substances at the same time. The factors of light are quality, intensity and the length of the light period. They are play a vital role in an ecosystem.

• The quality of light affects the aquatic ecosystems, the blue and red light is absorbed here and it does not penetrate deep into the water. Some algae have specialized pigments that absorbs the other colors of light. 

• The intensity of light depends upon the latitude and the season of the year. They also influence in flowering proceess in plant.
• Some plants flower only during a certain time of the year. One of the factors is due to the length of dark period. Depending on the intensity of light the plants are classified as short-day plants (Example-- Chrysanthemum sp., Datura stramonium etc.). Long-day plants (Examples-- Spinach, barley, wheat, radish, clover, etc.). Day-neutral plants (Examples-- Tomato, maize, etc.)

TEMPERATURE

Temperature influences the distribution of  plants and animals. The occurrence of frost is an important to determine the distribution of plants as most of the plants cannot prevent freezing of their tissues. Below are a few examples of the effects of temperature in plants and animals: 

·         The blooming of flowers either in the day or night is due to the temperature difference between day and night, example: flowering of Tulip flower.

·         Some biennial plants germinate during spring or summer this is known as vernalization. 

·         Some fruit trees require cold temperature so as to blossom in the spring. 

·         Animals have a clear distinction between being cold blooded or warm blooded. 

·         Seasonal migration is seen in some animals.

WATER

Habitats of animals and plants vary widely from aquatic environments to the dry deserts. Water is essential for life and all the biotic components of the ecosystem are directly dependent on water for survival. 

Based upon their water requirements plants are classified as: 

• Hydrophytes (Example - Water lilies)
• Mesophytes (Example - Sweet pea, roses)
• Xerophytes (Example - Cacti, succulent plants) 

Land animals are prone to desiccation and these animals show various types of adaptations to this. Some of the adaptations seen in terrestrial animals are:

• Body covering which limits loss of water, example reptiles.
• Some animals have sweat glands which are used as cooling devices, example human.

• The tissues of some animals like camel are tolerant to water loss. 

Some insects are said to absorb water from the water vapor directly from the atmosphere.

WIND

Air currents or winds are a result of interaction between expansion of hot air and convection in the mid latitudes. This complex interaction influences the earth's rotation and results in a centrifugal force which lifts the air at the equator. Some of the effects of wind are: 

• Winds also carry water vapor; this may undergo condensation and fall in the form of rain, hail or snow. 

• It also helps in dispersal pollen grains of some plants and also in dispersal of insects. 
• Wind erosion also leads to dispersal of topsoil.

ATMOSPHERIC GASES

Atmospheric gases like oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide: 

• All organisms require oxygen for respiration. 

• Carbon dioxide is used by green plants to make food by the process of photosynthesis. 

• Nitrogen is necessary for all plants and atmospheric nitrogen is fixed by nitrogen fixing bacteria through the action of lightening. 

TOPOGRAPHY

Topography is the landscape shapes which is determined by the aspects of slopes and elevations. Topography gives a variety to the ecosystems. For example: The grassland topography is varied like hills, prairies, cliffs, low lying areas etc, which gives variability to life forms. 

• The aspect of the direction of the land facing also varies as the land facing towards the south or the sun ar hotter and drier than areas in the north, which are away from the sun. 

• Slope of on areas is also important as water may run downhill and may soak in ground which makes it available for plants. The areas in the southern part with slopes will be much be hotter and drier than the northern areas with slopes. 

CLIMATE

Climate of a region includes the average rainfall, temperature and the patterns of winds that occur. Climate is one of the most important abiotic factors of an ecosystem. 

• Temperature of an area and the precipitation factor determines whether the region is grassland or a forest. 

• The rainfall an area receives influences the productivity of the area and the types of plants.

• For example: The climate in a grassland ecosystem is dry and hot during the spring and summer and is cool and cold during the winter. 

• Precipitation in winter is snow rather than rainfall. During summers, more water is evaporated from the grasslands making the region deficient of moisture. 

INFLUENCE OF BIOTIC FACTORS

a.      Trophic Levels, Food Chains, and Food Webs.

Trophic Levels

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‘Trophic levels’ refers to the feeding levels within a food chain. Food webs are made from many interconnecting food chains. In this topic, all of organism divide into 3 part.

1.      The producers, they support the ecosystem by producing new biological matter (biomass) as their own food. They produce their own food by photosynthetic or chemosynthetics.

2.      The consumers, the flow energy and matter current from organism to other. The first consumer always herbivore that get the food by eat a plant as producers. The second consumer and then higher consumers are carnivore that they get their food by eat another animal.

3.      Decompocers and detritivor. Decompocers feed at every level of the food chain.

Food Chains

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b.      Pyramids

Pyramids are graphical models of the quantitive difference that exist between the trophic levels of a single ecosystem. The models provide a better understanding of the workings of an ecosystem by showing the feeding relationship in a community.

1.      Pyramids of number, this records the number of individuals at each trophic level.

2.      Pyramids of biomass, this represents the biological mass of the standing stock at each trophic levelat a particular point in time.

3.      Pyramids of productivity, this shows the flow of energy.

4.      Pyramids of structure and functioning ecosystem.

c.       Species

Species are a group of organism that interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

Tiger

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d.      Population

Population are the group of organism of the same species living inthe same area at the same time, and which are capable of interbreeding.

A Group of Giraffes

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e.       Habitats

Habitat is the environment in which a species normally lives.

f.       Niches

Niches refers where and how a species lives. A species share of a habitats and the resources in it with another species.

g.      Community

Community is a group of populations living and interacting with each other in a common habitat.

Community

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h.      Ecosystem

Ecosystem is a community of interdependent organism and the physical environtment they inhabit.

POPULATION INTERACTION

1.      Competition

This competition can be either within a species (intraspecific competition) or between different species (interspecific competition). This happen when resources are limiting, population are bound to compete in order to survive.

Competition About Teritorry Area

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2.      Predation

Predation

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Occurs when one animal hunt and eats another animal. These predator-prey interactions are often controlled by negative feedback mechanism.

3.      Mutualism

In this relationship, in which both species get benefits.

Mutualism

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4.      Parasitism

In this relationship, one organism (the parasite) benefits at the expense of another (the host) from which it derived food. Ectoparasites live on the surface of their host, endoparasites live inside their host.

Parasitism

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DAFTAR PUSTAKA