ABIOTIC AND BOTIC FACTORS INFLUENCES ON ECOSYSTEM
Ecosystem
consist of living and non living component. The living part of an ecosystem are
called BIOTIC factors, and the non-living part called ABIOTIC factors. Biotic
and abiotic interact to sustain the ecosystem. The word ‘environment’ refers
specifically to the non-living part of the ecosystem.
A limiting
factors are any factors that places an upper limit on the size of population.
Limiting factors may be biotic such as availability of food, or abiotic such as
access to water. Human influences often act as limiting factors. Limiting
factors also defining with any factors who can restricts the size of a
population.
INFLUENCE
OF ABIOTIC FACTORS
Abiotic
factors such as temperature, light and soil can influence a spesies’s ability
to survive. The range of each of factors make every species is able to survive
called ‘ tolerance range’.
Ecosystem
can be broadly divided into three types. Each ecosystem has its own specific
abiotic factors.
1.
Marine
Marine
Ecosystm
Created
by www.greenpeace.org
-
The sea, estuaries,
salt marshes, and mangrove are all characterized by the high salt content of th
water.
-
Abiotic factors in the
marine ecosystem.
a. Salinity
b. pH
c. Temperature
d. Dissolved
oxygen
e. Wave
action
2.
Freshwater
Freshwater
Ecosystem
Created
by media.globalcitizen.org
-
Example: lakes,
rivers, and wetlands
-
Abiotic factors of a
freshwater ecosystem.
a. Turbidity
b. Flow
velocity
c. pH
d. Temperature
e. Dissolved
oxygen
3.
Terrestrial
Terrestrial
Ecosystem
Created
by www.conservationgateway.org
-
Land-based
-
Abiotics factors of a
terrestrial ecosystem.
a. Temperature
b. Light
intensity
c. Wind
speed
d. Particle
sized
e. Slope/aspect
f. Soil
moisture
g. Drainage
h. Mineral
content
SOIL - EDAPHIC FACTORS
The edaphic factors are the abiotic factors with
respect to soil. These factors include
The texture of
the soil is variable from particles like clay to larger particles like sand.
Sandy soils are suitable for growing plants, well aerated and easy to
cultivate. Sandy soils cannot retain much water and contain few nutrients
required for plant growth.
Soil air is the
spaces between the soil particles where it is not filled with soil water. The
soil air determines the firmness of the soil.
Temperature of
the soil is an important factor, temperature of soil below 30 cm is said to be
constant but there are seasonal variations. The decaying caused by
decay-causing microorganisms is low at lower temperature.
Soil water is
classified into three types-capillary water, hygroscopic water and
gravitational water.
pH of the
soil affects the biological activity in the soil and certain mineral
availability. The pH influences the growth and development of plants.
- The organisms and the decaying matter in the soil is known as soil
solution and it increases the fertility of the soil.
LIGHT
Light is the primary source of
energy to almost all ecosystems. The light energy is used by the heterotrophs
(plant, algae) to manufacture food by the process of photosynthesis by
combining other inorganic substances at the same time. The factors of light are
quality, intensity and the length of the light period. They are play a vital
role in an ecosystem.
- The quality of light affects the aquatic ecosystems, the blue and red
light is absorbed here and it does not penetrate deep into the water. Some
algae have specialized pigments that absorbs the other colors of
light.
- The intensity of light depends upon the latitude and the season of the
year. They also influence in flowering proceess in plant.
- Some plants flower only during a certain time of the year. One of the
factors is due to the length of dark period. Depending on the intensity of
light the plants are classified as short-day plants (Example-- Chrysanthemum
sp., Datura stramonium etc.). Long-day plants (Examples--
Spinach, barley, wheat, radish, clover, etc.). Day-neutral plants
(Examples-- Tomato, maize, etc.)
TEMPERATURE
Temperature influences the
distribution of plants and animals. The
occurrence of frost is an important to determine the distribution of plants as
most of the plants cannot prevent freezing of their tissues. Below are a few
examples of the effects of temperature in plants and animals:
·
The blooming of flowers either in
the day or night is due to the temperature difference between day and night,
example: flowering of Tulip flower.
·
Some biennial plants germinate
during spring or summer this is known as vernalization.
·
Some fruit trees require cold temperature
so as to blossom in the spring.
·
Animals have a clear distinction
between being cold blooded or warm blooded.
·
Seasonal migration is seen in
some animals.
WATER
Habitats of animals and plants vary
widely from aquatic environments to the dry deserts. Water is essential for
life and all the biotic components of the ecosystem are directly dependent on
water for survival.
Based upon their
water requirements plants are classified as:
- Hydrophytes (Example - Water lilies)
- Mesophytes (Example - Sweet pea, roses)
- Xerophytes (Example - Cacti, succulent plants)
Land animals are prone to
desiccation and these animals show various types of adaptations to this. Some
of the adaptations seen in terrestrial animals are:
- Body covering which limits loss of water, example reptiles.
- Some animals have sweat glands which are used as cooling devices,
example human.
- The tissues of some animals like camel are tolerant to water
loss.
Some insects are said to absorb
water from the water vapor directly from the atmosphere.
WIND
Air currents or winds are a result
of interaction between expansion of hot air and convection in the mid
latitudes. This complex interaction influences the earth's rotation and results
in a centrifugal force which lifts the air at the equator. Some of the effects
of wind are:
- Winds also carry water vapor; this may undergo condensation and
fall in the form of rain, hail or snow.
- It also helps in dispersal pollen grains of some plants and also in
dispersal of insects.
- Wind erosion also leads to dispersal of topsoil.
ATMOSPHERIC GASES
Atmospheric gases like oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide:
- All organisms require oxygen for respiration.
- Carbon dioxide is used by green plants to make food by the process of
photosynthesis.
- Nitrogen is necessary for all plants and atmospheric nitrogen is fixed
by nitrogen fixing bacteria through the action of lightening.
TOPOGRAPHY
Topography is the landscape shapes
which is determined by the aspects of slopes and elevations. Topography gives a
variety to the ecosystems. For example: The grassland topography is varied like
hills, prairies, cliffs, low lying areas etc, which gives variability
to life forms.
- The aspect of the direction of the land facing also varies as the land
facing towards the south or the sun ar hotter and drier than areas in the
north, which are away from the sun.
- Slope of on areas is also important as water may run downhill and
may soak in ground which makes it available for plants. The areas in the
southern part with slopes will be much be hotter and drier than the
northern areas with slopes.
CLIMATE
Climate of a region includes the
average rainfall, temperature and the patterns of winds that occur. Climate is
one of the most important abiotic factors of an ecosystem.
- Temperature of an area and the precipitation factor determines whether
the region is grassland or a forest.
- The rainfall an area receives influences the productivity of the area
and the types of plants.
- For example: The climate in a grassland ecosystem is dry and hot
during the spring and summer and is cool and cold during the winter.
- Precipitation in winter is snow rather than rainfall. During summers,
more water is evaporated from the grasslands making the region deficient
of moisture.
INFLUENCE
OF BIOTIC FACTORS
a.
Trophic
Levels, Food Chains, and Food Webs.
Trophic Levels
Created by blambiome.weebly.com
‘Trophic
levels’ refers to the feeding levels within a food chain. Food webs are made
from many interconnecting food chains. In this topic, all of organism divide
into 3 part.
1. The producers,
they support the ecosystem by producing new biological matter (biomass) as
their own food. They produce their own food by photosynthetic or
chemosynthetics.
2. The consumers,
the flow energy and matter current from organism to other. The first consumer
always herbivore that get the food by eat a plant as producers. The second
consumer and then higher consumers are carnivore that they get their food by
eat another animal.
3. Decompocers and
detritivor. Decompocers feed at every level of
the food chain.
Food Chains
Created by smartsite.ucdavis.edu
b.
Pyramids
Pyramids are
graphical models of the quantitive difference that exist between the trophic
levels of a single ecosystem. The models provide a better understanding of the
workings of an ecosystem by showing the feeding relationship in a community.
1. Pyramids of number,
this records the number of individuals at each trophic level.
2. Pyramids of biomass, this
represents the biological mass of the standing stock at each trophic levelat a
particular point in time.
3. Pyramids of
productivity, this shows the flow of energy.
4. Pyramids of structure
and functioning ecosystem.
c.
Species
Species are a group of
organism that interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
Tiger
Created by www.takepart.com
d.
Population
Population are the
group of organism of the same species living inthe same area at the same time,
and which are capable of interbreeding.
A Group of
Giraffes
Created by www.livescience.com
e.
Habitats
Habitat is the
environment in which a species normally lives.
f.
Niches
Niches refers where
and how a species lives. A species share of a habitats and the resources in it
with another species.
g.
Community
Community is a group
of populations living and interacting with each other in a common habitat.
Community
Created by ecologicalorginization.weebly.com
h.
Ecosystem
Ecosystem is a
community of interdependent organism and the physical environtment they
inhabit.
POPULATION INTERACTION
1.
Competition
This competition can be either
within a species (intraspecific competition) or between different species
(interspecific competition). This happen when resources are limiting,
population are bound to compete in order to survive.
Competition About Teritorry Area
Created by redspottednewt.weebly.com
2.
Predation
Predation
Created by apesreview.weebly.com
Occurs when one animal hunt and eats
another animal. These predator-prey interactions are often controlled by
negative feedback mechanism.
3.
Mutualism
In this relationship, in which both
species get benefits.
Mutualism
Created by en.wikipedia.org
4.
Parasitism
In this relationship, one organism
(the parasite) benefits at the expense of another (the host) from which it
derived food. Ectoparasites live on the surface of their host, endoparasites
live inside their host.
Parasitism
Created by studyblue.com
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
